THE DIVE

Crypto unchained

Get to know how to talk about blockchains and crypto-assets

Bastien Buchwalter

June 20, 2025

Chapter 1:

Into the wild

To explore the true nature of crypto, one must first ask: what is its origin? And what if the answer is… we don’t actually know?

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Chapter 2:

A new world

Crypto-assets are sketching a new world — painted as a triptych.

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Chapter 3:

Money rules the world

"Digital or not, what drives crypto — like everything else — is still a matter of money."

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Chapter 4:

From Wallets to Smart Contracts

Users have two tools at their disposal to interact on a blockchain: wallets and smart contracts.

Read chapter 4

Chapter 5:

The rise of DApps

While we are familiar with the concepts of Apps on our smartphones, only few are aware of the existence of Distributed Applications (Dapps) in the crypto-asset ecosystem.

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Chapter 6:

Heads or tails, Coins & Tokens

There’s a crucial difference between coins and tokens that shape how they function.

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Chapter 7:

Risks and scams

While the crypto-asset ecosystem presents a plethora of opportunities, the emerging asset class is also prone to scams and risks.

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Chapter 8:

Outlook

As crypto continues to evolve, one big question remains: is crypto here to stay, or will governments shut it down?

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Chapter 9:

Crypto’s Decentralization Dilemma

Born to decentralize the world, Bitcoin lit a spark. But somewhere along the chain, control crept back in.

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Crypto unchained

Chapter 4

Chapter 4: From Wallets to Smart Contracts

Summary
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Chapter 4:

From Wallets to Smart Contracts

An Architecture of Digital Ownership

Users have two tools at their disposal to interact on a blockchain: wallets and smart contracts.

Wallets

A wallet, in essence, is like a bank account. It has three defining characteristics:

  • an address
  • a private key
  • a balance

These correspond to the following:

  • a bank account number
  • a credit card PIN code
  • the amount of money stored in the account.

The private key simultaneously proves the ownership of a given native currency and can be used to sign off on new transactions.

Wallet

Bank Account

Address

Account Number (Iban)

Balance

Balance

Private Key

Pin Code

Smart contracts

Loosely speaking, a smart contract can be seen as a very generalized wallet. The three defining elements (address, private key and balance) are redesigned to allow for a more general use going beyond simple peer-to-peer payments. The address locates where the smart contract is positioned on the blockchain. The private key is completely re-invented to allow for alternative access modalities. Rather than limiting access to just one user, multiple users can interact with it as long as they follow a given protocol. Finally, the balance has been extended to contain all kinds of digital content (pictures, sound, documents, etc.)

While a wallet can be compared to a bank account, a smart contract is comparable to a vending machine. The idea is simple: an automated agreement that executes when conditions are met.

Wallet

Smart Contract

Address

Address

Balance

Content

Private Key

Governance code

Example of smart contracts

Here are two scenarios explaining how a smart contract works in practice:

Selling a picture

Via a smart contract

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Betting on a game

Via a smart contract

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Note:

The node executing the smart contract collects “gas fees”. These fees correspond to the computation effort required for the execution of the smart contract. They can be paid by either Alice or Bob, depending on their agreement in the contract.

What are Blockchain Oracles?

Blockchain oracles link “off-chain” information “on-chain” so that smart contracts have the necessary information. In case of a bet on a sports event, the smart contracts tap into the oracle to obtain the score of the game.

As such, the smart contract is a powerful tool which greatly enriches the possibilities of peer-to-peer interactions. Previously, users were primarily limited to exchanging funds. With smart contracts, a full-fledged framework for peer-to-peer interactions becomes possible.

The power of smart contracts has led to the emergence of a whole new subcategory of crypto-assets: distributed applications. They are sometimes described as the next evolution of blockchain technology.

Chapter 5:

The rise of DApps

While we are familiar with the concepts of Apps on our smartphones, only few are aware of the existence of Distributed Applications (Dapps) in the crypto-asset ecosystem.

Read chapter 5